ITRC
ITRC ISM Public Pages
Incremental Sampling Methodolgy Homepage
- Executive Summary
- Acknowledgements
- About ITRC
- Disclaimer
- Table of Contents
- List of Tables
- List of Figures
1.0 Introduction
- 1.1 Summary of ISM as an Environmental Sampling Approach
- 1.2 Traditional Investigation Approach Limitations
- 1.3 How ISM Addresses Traditional Investigation Approach Limitations
- 1.4 How ISM Compares to Compositing
- 1.5 Purpose
- 1.6 Frequently Asked Questions
- 1.7 Document Organization
- 1.8 Key Terms
2.0 Nature of Soil Sampling and Incremental Sampling Principles
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Soil Heterogeneity and Variation in Contaminant Concentrations
- 2.3 Foundational Concepts of Sampling
  - 2.3.1 All Concentrations Are Means
  - 2.3.2 Representative Soil Samples
- 2.4 Scale-Specific Sampling Considerations
- 2.5 Gy Theory and the Source of Sampling Error
- 2.6 Three Sampling Approaches
3.0 Systematic Planning and Decision Unit Designation
- 3.1 Overview of Systematic Planning
- 3.2 Nature and Intent of Decision Units and Sampling Units
  - 3.2.1 Planning DUs and SUs
  - 3.2.2 Use of Sampling Units
- 3.3 Decision Units
- 3.4 Establishing New Decision Units Based on Previous Results
- 3.5 Hot Spots
4.0 Statistical Sampling Designs for ISM
- 4.1 Factors that Complicate Estimating the Mean Concentration
  - 4.1.1 Skewness and Dispersion
  - 4.1.2 Spatial Scale, Mixtures, and Autocorrelation
- 4.2 Uncertainty in Estimates of the Decision Unit Mean
- 4.3 Evaluating the Performance of Sampling Approaches
- 4.4 Areas for Further Study
5.0 Field Implementation, Sample Collection and Processing
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Sampling Tools
- 5.3 Field Collection
- 5.4 Field Handling of ISM Samples
  - 5.4.1 ISM Samples for Non-VOCs
  - 5.4.2 Volatile Organic Compound ISM Samples
6.0 Laboratory Sample Processing and Analysis
- 6.1 Introduction
- 6.2 Laboratory Processing
- 6.3 Laboratory Analysis
- 6.4 Quality Assurance/Quality Control
  - 6.4.1 Laboratory Accreditation/Certification
7.0 Making Decisions Using ISM Data
- 7.1 Introduction
- 7.2 Decision Mechanisms
- 7.3 Assessment of Error
8.0 Regulatory Challenges and Opportunities for ISM
- 8.1 Introduction
- 8.2 Perception Issues
- 8.3 Regulatory Challenges for ISM
- 8.4 State of Knowledge, Experience, and Training
- 8.5 Implementation Issues
  - 8.5.1 Systematic Planning
- 8.6 Summary
9.0 Case Study Summaries
- 9.1 Case Study 1. PCB-Contaminated Landfill
- 9.2 Case Study 2. Petroleum-Contaminated Soil Stockpile
- 9.3 Case Study 3. Former Golf Course Field Demonstration of ISM
- 9.4 Case Study 4. Hawaiian Homelands Development
10. Stakeholder and Tribal Input
11.0 References
Appendix A - Statistical Simulations
- Table of Contents
- List of Tables
- List of Figures
- A.1 Statistical Simulation Studies Introduction
- A.2 Probability Distributions (PD-1)
  - A.2.1 Methods
  - A.2.2 Results
- A.3 Spatial Autocorrelation Maps (M-1)
  - A.3.1 Methods
  - A.3.2 Results
- A.4 Maps of RDX and HMX (M-2A and M2-B)
- A.5 Bulk Material Sampling Maps (M3-A to M3-C)
- A.6 Glossary of Terms and Concepts
- A.7.1 Estimation of FE and Var (FE)
- A.7.2 Computation of Coefficient of Variation (CV) of ISM Replicates
- A.7.3 Performance Metric Equations
- A.8 References
Appendix B - August 2009 Survey Results
Appendix C - Case Studies
- C.1 CASE STUDY 1: KURE ATOLL, HAWAII
- C.2 Case Study 2: Petroleum Contaminated Soil Stockpile
- C.3 Case Study 3: Former Golf Course Field Demonstration of ISM
- C.4 Case Study 4: Hawaiian Homelands Development, Kapolei, Oahu, Hawaii
Appendix D - ISM Team Contacts
Appendix E - Glossary
Appendix F - Acronyms
Site Map

Appendix A

Statistical Simulations

TABLE OF CONTENTS