This ITRC document aims to update and integrate decades of knowledge on DNAPL (Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquid) site assessment and remediation. It revises earlier technology-overview materials (circa 2003) by incorporating the latest understanding of DNAPL and dissolved-phase behavior, integrating real-time characterization, and supporting an Integrated DNAPL Site Strategy (IDSS). The guidance provides:
- Best practices for setting objectives, monitoring, and adapting cleanup strategies.
- A conceptual framework for contaminant behavior in subsurface environments.
- A curated toolkit of technologies for site characterization and remediation.